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Dallas School District
K-12 Curriculum
Elementary Mathematics - Grade 2

Algebraic Concepts

Number Sentence: Solve
The learner will be able to apply physical objects and trial and error to obtain solutions to number sentences and to confirm that solutions are reasonable and accurate.
Strand Source Activities
Number Sentence PA: Academic Standards, January 16, 1999, Grade 3, p.13,2.8.3.B Classroom
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Operations: Show Understanding
The learner will be able to show an understanding of the basic facts of the four operations.
Strand Source Activities
Operations PA: Academic Standards, January 16, 1999, Grade 3, p.3,2.1.3.L (back mapped) Classroom
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Algebraic Concepts: Symbols/Objects
The learner will be able to apply physical objects and symbols to illustrate the concepts of variables, expressions, equations, and inequalities.
Strand Source Activities
Algebraic Concepts PA: Academic Standards, January 16, 1999, Grade 3, p.13,2.8.3.E(back mapped) Classroom
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Solution Methods: Choose/Apply
The learner will be able to choose and apply an appropriate strategy and materials to obtain solutions to problems, including mental math, paper and pencil, and physical objects.
Strand Source Activities
Solution Methods PA: Academic Standards, January 16, 1999, Grade 3, p.8,2.5.3.C Classroom
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Table/Chart: Collect/Display
The learner will be able to collect data and display it in a table or chart.
Strand Source Activities
Tables/Charts PA: Academic Standards, January 16, 1999, Grade 3, p.13,2.8.3.G Classroom
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Algebraic Symbols/Solutions
The learner will be able to describe the meaning of solutions and symbols.
Strand Source Activities
Identify Sentence PA: Academic Standards, January 16, 1999, Grade 3, p.13,2.8.3.F Classroom
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Missing Addend
The learner will be able to substitute a missing addend in a number sentence.
Strand Source Activities
Missing Information PA: Academic Standards, January 16, 1999, Grade 3, p.13,2.8.3.C Classroom
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Operations: Addition/Subtraction
The learner will be able to use physical objects in applying addition and subtraction in everyday scenarios.
Strand Source Activities
Operations PA: Academic Standards, January 16, 1999, Grade 3, p.4,2.2.3.A Classroom
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Operations: Multiplication Arrays
The learner will be able to use arrays to illustrate multiplication.
Strand Source Activities
Operations PA: Academic Standards, January 16, 1999, Grade 3, p.4,2.2.3.C(back mapped) Classroom
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Operations: Repeated Addition
The learner will be able to apply the concept of repeated addition when performing multiplication.
Strand Source Activities
Operations PA: Academic Standards, January 16, 1999, Grade 3, p.4,2.2.3.C (back mapped) Classroom
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Inverse Operations: Add/Subtract
The learner will be able to explain the inverse relationship that exists between addition and subtraction.
Strand Source Activities
Inverse Operations PA: Academic Standards, January 16, 1999, Grade 3, p.3,2.1.3.K Classroom
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Rate: Change
The learner will be able to categorize rates of change as faster and slower.
Strand Source Activities
Rates PA: Academic Standards, January 16, 1999, Grade 3, p.19,2.11.3.C (back mapped) Classroom
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Algorithms: Describe/Add/Subtract
The learner will be able to describe addition and subtraction algorithms with regrouping.
Strand Source Activities
Algorithms PA: Academic Standards, January 16, 1999, Grade 3, p.4,2.2.3.G (back mapped) Classroom
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Computation: Reasonableness
The learner will be able to determine the reasonableness of calculations.
Strand Source Activities
Computation PA: Academic Standards, January 16, 1999, Grade 3, p.4,2.2.3.F (back mapped) Classroom
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Computation
The learner will be able to apply an understanding of basic facts and algorithms, determine situations in which to use specific computation techniques, and evaluate the reasonableness of given computations.
Strand Source Activities
Computation National Council of Teachers of Mathematics (NCTM), March, 1989, Fourth Grade Classroom
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Number Sense: Manipulatives
The learner will be able to use manipulatives to demonstrate the following algebraic concepts: sets, elements of sets (a different shaped or colored manipulative can be used to represent a set of manipulatives), equal sets, variables representing unequal values (specific manipulatives can be used to equal five of another kind of manipulative), the symbolic nature of algebra, patterns in algebra, and the connection between manipulatives and the written expressions they represent.
Strand Source Activities
Number Sense National Council of Teachers of Mathematics (NCTM), March, 1989, Fourth Grade Classroom
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Operations: Analyzing
The learner will be able to analyze the functions and effects of addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division by discussing these operations formally and informally using mathematics language and symbols, and recognize the variety of mathematical scenarios which can be solved through one or more of these operations.
Strand Source Activities
Operations National Council of Teachers of Mathematics (NCTM), March, 1989, Fourth Grade Classroom
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Translate Problems
The learner will be able to listen to a given scenario, consider the elements of the scenario, determine the missing factor, and write a number sentence which represents the scenario.
Strand Source Activities
Relating Number Sentences/Problems National Council of Teachers of Mathematics (NCTM), March, 1989, Fourth Grade Classroom
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Data Interpretation

Data Collection: Organize/Illustrate
The learner will be able to collect, organize, and illustrate data using pictures, tallies, charts, bar graphs, and pictographs.
Strand Source Activities
Graphing PA: Academic Standards, January 16, 1999, Grade 3, p.9,2.6.3.A Classroom
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Data Collection: Analysis
The learner will be able to gather and/or study data by applying the notions of largest, smallest, most frequent, less frequent, and/or middle.
Strand Source Activities
Data Collection and Classification PA: Academic Standards, January 16, 1999, Grade 3, p.11,2.7.3.D(back mapped) Classroom
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Bar Graphs: Recognize Values
The learner will be able to recognize least and greatest values illustrated in bar graphs and pictographs.
Strand Source Activities
Bar Graphs PA: Academic Standards, January 16, 1999, Grade 3, p.19,2.11.3.B Classroom
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Tables/Charts: Explain
The learner will be able to explain information shown in tables and charts.
Strand Source Activities
Tables/Charts PA: Academic Standards, January 16, 1999, Grade 3, p.13,2.8.3.H Classroom
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Table/Chart: Interpret
The learner will be able to interpret information presented in tables and charts.
Strand Source Activities
Tables/Charts PA: Academic Standards, January 16, 1999, Grade 3, p.13,2.8.3.H Classroom
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Logical Reasoning: Questions
The learner will be able to formulate and answer questions based on data displayed on graphs.
Strand Source Activities
Logical Reasoning PA: Academic Standards, January 16, 1999, Grade 3, p.9,2.6.3.B Classroom
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Analyzing: Graphical Forms
The learner will be able to demonstrate the ability to interpret graphical forms of data by explaining data presented in different graphical forms (tables, charts, graphs, diagrams, etc.) orally or in writing.
Strand Source Activities
Analyzing/Evaluating Graphical Forms National Council of Teachers of Mathematics (NCTM), March, 1989, Fourth Grade Classroom
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Analyzing: Graphical Forms
The learner will be able to demonstrate the ability to interpret graphical forms (tables, charts, graphs, diagrams, etc.) of data by transferring information from one graphical form to another.
Strand Source Activities
Analyzing/Evaluating Graphical Forms National Council of Teachers of Mathematics (NCTM), March, 1989, Fourth Grade Classroom
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Analyzing: Graphical Forms
The learner will be able to demonstrate the ability to interpret graphical forms of data (tables, charts, graphs, diagrams, etc.) by making decisions about a topic based on information presented in graphical form.
Strand Source Activities
Analyzing/Evaluating Graphical Forms National Council of Teachers of Mathematics (NCTM), March, 1989, Fourth Grade Classroom
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Fraction Parts: Part of a Whole
The learner will be able to demonstrate the idea of fraction as part of a whole using drawings, diagrams, or models.
Strand Source Activities
Fraction Parts PA: Academic Standards, January 16, 1999, Grade 3, p.2,2.1.3.D Classroom
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Number Sense: Using Bar Graphs
The learner will be able to demonstrate an understanding of the relationships among fractions (simple, mixed, improper) by creating a bar graph which accurately represents a given series of simple, mixed, and improper fractions.
Strand Source Activities
Number Sense National Council of Teachers of Mathematics (NCTM), March, 1989, Fourth Grade Classroom
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Number Sense: Using Fractions
The learner will be able to explore fractions and use an intuitive sense of fractions as proportions and/or ratios to evaluate the reasonableness of a given problem and solution.
Strand Source Activities
Number Sense National Council of Teachers of Mathematics (NCTM), March, 1989, Fourth Grade Classroom
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Problem Solving
The learner will be able to evaluate a real-world scenario problem involving fractions to determine the appropriate operation (addition or subtraction), decide on relevant elements, set up an equation, and solve the equation.
Strand Source Activities
Problem Solving National Council of Teachers of Mathematics (NCTM), March, 1989, Fourth Grade Classroom
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Function: Study/Locate Points
The learner will be able to study simple functions and relationships and find points on a simple grid.
Strand Source Activities
Functions PA: Academic Standards, January 16, 1999, Grade 3, p.14,2.8.3.J (back mapped) Classroom
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Function: Illustrate/Rules
The learner will be able to illustrate simple function rules.
Strand Source Activities
Functions PA: Academic Standards, January 16, 1999, Grade 3, p.14,2.8.3.I Classroom
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Figures: Name/Label
The learner will be able to name and label plane and solid geometric figures.
Strand Source Activities
Figures: Identify PA: Academic Standards, January 16, 1999, Grade 3, p.16,2.9.3.A Classroom
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Figures: Form/Check/Confirm
The learner will be able to formulate, check, and confirm predictions about the quantity, size and shape of objects and sets of objects.
Strand Source Activities
Figures PA: Academic Standards, January 16, 1999, Grade 3, p.7,2.4.3.A(back mapped) Classroom
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Geometric Concepts: Identify
The learner will be able to identify, observe and describe geometry in the environment and real-world situations.
Strand Source Activities
Geometric Concepts PA: Academic Standards, January 16, 1999, Grade 3, p.16,2.9.3.D Classroom
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Figures: Construct/Physical Object
The learner will be able to construct geometric shapes using physical objects.
Strand Source Activities
Figures: Construct PA: Academic Standards, January 16, 1999, Grade 3, p.16,2.9.3.B Classroom
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Figures: Construct/Geoboard
The learner will be able to construct rectangles, squares and triangles on the geoboard from specified criteria.
Strand Source Activities
Figures: Construct PA: Academic Standards, January 16, 1999, Grade 3, p.16,2.9.3.C Classroom
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Figures: Construct/Graph Paper
The learner will be able to construct rectangles, squares and triangles on graph paper using specified criteria.
Strand Source Activities
Figures: Construct PA: Academic Standards, January 16, 1999, Grade 3, p.16,2.9.3.C (back mapped) Classroom
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Shapes: Draw
The learner will be able to create drawings of two dimensional shapes.
Strand Source Activities
Two-Dimensional Shapes PA: Academic Standards, January 16, 1999, Grade 3, p.16,2.9.3.C Classroom
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Reflection: Fold Paper
The learner will be able to illustrate reflections about a line by folding paper.
Strand Source Activities
Reflections PA: Academic Standards, January 16, 1999, Grade 3, p.16,2.9.3.G (back mapped) Classroom
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Reflections: Relationships
The learner will be able to use reflections to demonstrate relationships between and among figures.
Strand Source Activities
Reflections PA: Academic Standards, January 16, 1999, Grade 3, p.16,2.9.3.H (back mapped) Classroom
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Symmetry: Recognize
The learner will be able to recognize symmetry in nature.
Strand Source Activities
Symmetry PA: Academic Standards, January 16, 1999, Grade 3, p.16,2.9.3.F (back mapped) Classroom
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Symmetry: Symmetrical Lines
The learner will be able to identify lines of symmetry in figures.
Strand Source Activities
Symmetry PA: Academic Standards, January 16, 1999, Grade 3, p.16,2.9.3.E (back mapped) Classroom
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Symmetry: Drawing Lines
The learner will be able to draw lines of symmetry in figures.
Strand Source Activities
Symmetry PA: Academic Standards, January 16, 1999, Grade 3, p.16,2.9.3.E (back mapped) Classroom
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Combine/Partition: Predict
The learner will be able to forecast the outcome of combining or partitioning geometric figures.
Strand Source Activities
Combine/Partition/Transform PA: Academic Standards, January 16, 1999, Grade 3, p.16,2.9.3.I (back mapped) Classroom
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Angles: Right
The learner will be able to study right angle concepts, create right angles, and find right angles within the classroom and at home, including folding paper to make square corners, identifying the square corners as right angles, transferring this observation to another medium by drawing square corners or right angles, and discussing angles which are greater than or less than right angles.
Strand Source Activities
Lines/Angles/Polygons National Council of Teachers of Mathematics (NCTM), March, 1989, Fourth Grade Classroom
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Exploring: Outlines
The learner will be able to walk along, touch, and discuss a plane figure outlined on the floor in tape, and then help duplicate the figure using a different medium, or with smaller proportions.
Strand Source Activities
Exploring Spatial Concepts National Council of Teachers of Mathematics (NCTM), March, 1989, Fourth Grade Classroom
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Figures
The learner will be able to extend recognition of whole figures to the ability to analyze parts of figures, and classify figures by the similarities and differences of their parts.
Strand Source Activities
Figures National Council of Teachers of Mathematics (NCTM), March, 1989, Fourth Grade Classroom
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Patterns: Analyzing Visual
The learner will be able to analyze visual patterns in geometric figures by exploring how placing different figures on different sized backgrounds in rows creates different combinations of figures within each row.
Strand Source Activities
Geometric Patterns National Council of Teachers of Mathematics (NCTM), March, 1989, Fourth Grade Classroom
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Patterns: Problem Solving
The learner will be able to solve problems involving geometry by applying the ability to study, recognize, and extend pictorial, concrete, and numerical patterns.
Strand Source Activities
Geometric Patterns National Council of Teachers of Mathematics (NCTM), March, 1989, Fourth Grade Classroom
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Spatial Thinking
The learner will be able to develop spatial sense by drawing, modeling, describing, and classifying shapes.
Strand Source Activities
Spatial Thinking National Council of Teachers of Mathematics (NCTM), March, 1989, Fourth Grade Classroom
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Spatial Thinking: Familiar Figures
The learner will be able to identify, describe, compare, and classify two and three dimensional figures found in his/her immediate environment.
Strand Source Activities
Spatial Thinking National Council of Teachers of Mathematics (NCTM), March, 1989, Fourth Grade Classroom
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Spatial Thinking: Geometric Figures
The learner will be able to develop perception in spatial relationships by studying geometric figures in different sizes and positions, and by performing "mental flips" of the figures before holding them.
Strand Source Activities
Spatial Thinking National Council of Teachers of Mathematics (NCTM), March, 1989, Fourth Grade Classroom
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Spatial Thinking: Manipulatives
The learner will be able to practice modeling, drawing, and explaining shapes and their properties using manipulatives and exploring the shapes in a real-world context.
Strand Source Activities
Spatial Thinking National Council of Teachers of Mathematics (NCTM), March, 1989, Fourth Grade Classroom
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Spatial Thinking: Perspective
The learner will be able to have an intuitive sense of physical objects in the world, how they compare in size and shape, and the concepts of perspective and direction.
Strand Source Activities
Spatial Thinking National Council of Teachers of Mathematics (NCTM), March, 1989, Fourth Grade Classroom
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Spatial Thinking: Visual Discrimination
The learner will be able to demonstrate visual discrimination skills by sorting plane and solid figures by a given set of criteria and accounting for perspective and orientation.
Strand Source Activities
Spatial Thinking National Council of Teachers of Mathematics (NCTM), March, 1989, Fourth Grade Classroom
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Spatial Thinking: Visual Memory
The learner will be able to duplicate a three dimensional model (of linking cubes) one cube high with up to five cubes attached, draw or construct the model using visual memory and spatial thinking, and evaluate the model.
Strand Source Activities
Spatial Thinking National Council of Teachers of Mathematics (NCTM), March, 1989, Fourth Grade Classroom
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Transformations: Predicting
The learner will be able to demonstrate visualization skills by predicting the results of transformations two to four steps in advance.
Strand Source Activities
Transformations National Council of Teachers of Mathematics (NCTM), March, 1989, Fourth Grade Classroom
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Transformations: Predicting
The learner will be able to show the ability to visualize figures and their properties by predicting the results of transformations two to four steps in advance, and articulate how different figures are the same and/or different before and after transformations.
Strand Source Activities
Transformations National Council of Teachers of Mathematics (NCTM), March, 1989, Fourth Grade Classroom
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Mathematics Processes

Modeling: Multiplication
The learner will be able to illustrate the idea of multiplication as area, array, change in size, and/or repeated addition through the use of concrete models as well as pictorial and algebraic representations.
Strand Source Activities
Mathematical Modeling PA: Academic Standards, January 16, 1999, Grade 3, p.8,2.5.3.A (back mapped) Classroom
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Math as Reasoning
The learner will be able to understand that mathematics is logical, and that solutions to mathematics problems, and mathematics patterns, relationships, and properties make sense, and apply their ability to reason, to analyze mathematical situations and to justify answers and solutions to problems.
Strand Source Activities
Reasoning National Council of Teachers of Mathematics (NCTM), March, 1989, Fourth Grade Classroom
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Mathematical Connections
The learner will be able to make connections among number relationships, systems, and forms, conceptual and procedural knowledge, and the written forms of numbers and their representative values.
Strand Source Activities
Connections National Council of Teachers of Mathematics (NCTM), March, 1989, Fourth Grade Classroom
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Mathematical Connections
The learner will be able to make mathematical connections among mathematics topics, across the curriculum, and in day to day life.
Strand Source Activities
Connections National Council of Teachers of Mathematics (NCTM), March, 1989, Fourth Grade Classroom
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Mathematics as Communication
The learner will be able to use communication skills to describe the way he/she is thinking about principles of mathematics, to clarify thinking and conceptualization of mathematics principles, and to provide informal and formal feedback to teachers of mathematics.
Strand Source Activities
Communication National Council of Teachers of Mathematics (NCTM), March, 1989, Fourth Grade Classroom
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Mathematics as Communication
The learner will be able to understand that language arts processes such as reading, writing, speaking, listening, and viewing are utilized in thinking about, learning, and articulating mathematics concepts.
Strand Source Activities
Communication National Council of Teachers of Mathematics (NCTM), March, 1989, Fourth Grade Classroom
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Mathematics as Communication
The learner will be able to use everyday language to discuss mathematics concepts (including number systems, relationships, and forms) both formally and informally using the symbols and the language of mathematics.
Strand Source Activities
Communication National Council of Teachers of Mathematics (NCTM), March, 1989, Fourth Grade Classroom
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Money: Count/Compare/Change
The learner will be able to count, compare, and make change from a group of coins and one-dollar bills.
Strand Source Activities
Money PA: Academic Standards, January 16, 1999, Grade 3, p.2,2.1.3.E(back mapped) Classroom
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Estimation: Standard/Non-Standard Units
The learner will be able to make approximations and/or actual measurements through the use of standard and/or non-standard units of measure.
Strand Source Activities
Measurement: Estimation PA: Academic Standards, January 16, 1999, Grade 3, p.6,2.3.3.B (back mapped) Classroom
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Measurement Concepts: Varied Attributes
The learner will be able to illustrate that one object has various properties that can be measured in various ways.
Strand Source Activities
Measurement Concepts PA: Academic Standards, January 16, 1999, Grade 3, p.6,2.3.3.G (back mapped) Classroom
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Units: Choose Appropriate
The learner will be able to choose suitable units of measure.
Strand Source Activities
Units PA: Academic Standards, January 16, 1999, Grade 3, p.6,2.3.3.E (back mapped) Classroom
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Time: Compare
The learner will be able to compare lengths of time.
Strand Source Activities
Time PA: Academic Standards, January 16, 1999, Grade 3, p.6,2.3.3.C (back mapped) Classroom
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Time: Minute
The learner will be able to tell time to the minute using both digital and analog clocks.
Strand Source Activities
Time PA: Academic Standards, January 16, 1999, Grade 3, p.6,2.3.3.D (back mapped) Classroom
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Time: Elapsed
The learner will be able to calculate the amount of time which has elapsed between two given times.
Strand Source Activities
Time PA: Academic Standards, January 16, 1999, Grade 3, p.6,2.3.3.C (back mapped) Classroom
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Perimeter/Area: Find
The learner will be able to find area and perimeter using physical objects.
Strand Source Activities
Perimeter/Area/Volume PA: Academic Standards, January 16, 1999, Grade 3, p.6,2.3.3.F (back mapped) Classroom
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Measurement: Compare
The learner will be able to make comparisons of the measurable attributes of various objects on the same dimension.
Strand Source Activities
Measurement: Exploring PA: Academic Standards, January 16, 1999, Grade 3, p.6,2.3.3.A (back mapped) Classroom
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Measurement: Apply/Real World
The learner will be able to use measurement in many different real-world scenarios.
Strand Source Activities
Measurement: Application PA: Academic Standards, January 16, 1999, Grade 3, p.7,2.4.3.B (back mapped) Classroom
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Measurement: Estimation
The learner will be able to make measurement estimations.
Strand Source Activities
Measurement: Estimation PA: Academic Standards, January 16, 1999, Grade 3, p.6,2.3.3.G (back mapped) Classroom
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Estimate Measurements: Verify
The learner will be able to verify measurement.
Strand Source Activities
Measurement: Estimation PA: Academic Standards, January 16, 1999, Grade 3, p.6,2.3.3.G (back mapped) Classroom
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Applying: Decimals/Fractions
The learner will be able to demonstrate the ability to apply measurement, fraction, and decimal concepts to real-world scenarios by identifying and expressing measurement problems using fractions and decimals.
Strand Source Activities
Measurement: Application National Council of Teachers of Mathematics (NCTM), March, 1989, Fourth Grade Classroom
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Applying: Estimation/Measurement Units
The learner will be able to apply an understanding of units of measurement to make and use measurements and estimations in real-world scenarios.
Strand Source Activities
Measurement: Application National Council of Teachers of Mathematics (NCTM), March, 1989, Fourth Grade Classroom
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Applying: Measurement Concepts
The learner will be able to apply an understanding of length, capacity, weight, mass, area, volume, time, and angle attributes, distinguish between situations which require exact measurement and those which require estimations, and utilize measurement concepts to solve real-world problems.
Strand Source Activities
Measurement: Application National Council of Teachers of Mathematics (NCTM), March, 1989, Fourth Grade Classroom
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Communicating: Comparison Terms
The learner will be able to use measurement terms to describe and compare objects by weight, length, time and temperature using the appropriate tools.
Strand Source Activities
Communicating Measurement Concepts National Council of Teachers of Mathematics (NCTM), March, 1989, Fourth Grade Classroom
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Communicating: Measurement Concepts
The learner will be able to use measurement terms, articulate how and when measurement is used in real-world situations, and give examples of situations which call for either estimation or exact measurement.
Strand Source Activities
Communicating Measurement Concepts National Council of Teachers of Mathematics (NCTM), March, 1989, Fourth Grade Classroom
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Communicating: Measurement Concepts
The learner will be able to use measurement terms, articulate how measurement terms relate to real-world objects, proportions, and amounts, justify why a particular form of measurement should be used, and distinguish between situations which call for estimation and those which call for exact measurement.
Strand Source Activities
Communicating Measurement Concepts National Council of Teachers of Mathematics (NCTM), March, 1989, Fourth Grade Classroom
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Pattern: Number Sense/Measurement Units
The learner will be able to develop a sense of how numbers are manipulated in measurement scenarios, focusing on the study of the patterns inherent in units of measurement and formulas.
Strand Source Activities
Patterns National Council of Teachers of Mathematics (NCTM), March, 1989, Fourth Grade Classroom
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Problem Solving: Manipulatives
The learner will be able to listen to or read a given scenario involving measurement, and articulate how the problem can be solved using manipulatives.
Strand Source Activities
Problem Solving National Council of Teachers of Mathematics (NCTM), March, 1989, Fourth Grade Classroom
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Problem Solving: Manipulatives
The learner will be able to use manipulatives to solve a given real-world situation, show how measurement can be used to solve mathematical problems, evaluate a situation to determine the nature of the problem and relevant elements, and select the appropriate measurement tools (without being told the specific unit of measurement which should be used).
Strand Source Activities
Problem Solving National Council of Teachers of Mathematics (NCTM), March, 1989, Fourth Grade Classroom
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Problem Solving: Measurement Concepts
The learner will be able to demonstrate how principles of measurement can be used to solve real-world mathematical problems, evaluate a situation to determine the nature of the problem and relevant elements, and select the appropriate measurement tools (without being told the specific unit of measurement which should be found) to solve the problem.
Strand Source Activities
Problem Solving National Council of Teachers of Mathematics (NCTM), March, 1989, Fourth Grade Classroom
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Units: Reasoning
The learner will be able to choose a specific unit of measurement to solve a problem and justify the choice, and focus on the reasons behind choosing the specific unit of measurement.
Strand Source Activities
Units National Council of Teachers of Mathematics (NCTM), March, 1989, Fourth Grade Classroom
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Equivalent Forms: Represent/Use
The learner will be able to illustrate and/or apply equivalent forms of numbers by applying concrete models, drawings, word names, and/or symbols.
Strand Source Activities
Equivalent Forms PA: Academic Standards, January 16, 1999, Grade 3, p.2,2.1.3.C Classroom
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One-to-one Correspondence: Understanding
The learner will be able to show an understanding of one-to-one correspondence.
Strand Source Activities
One-to-one Correspondence PA: Academic Standards, January 16, 1999, Grade 3, p.2,2.1.3.H Classroom
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Rounding: Appropriate
The learner will be able to round when appropriate.
Strand Source Activities
Rounding PA: Academic Standards, January 16, 1999, Grade 3, p.3,2.1.3.J (back mapped) Classroom
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Conceptualizing: Decimals/Fractions
The learner will be able to demonstrate a sense of fractions and decimals, the functions of each of these number forms, and how these number forms relate to each other by creating models of equivalent fractions and decimals and by solving problems involving fractions and decimals.
Strand Source Activities
Conceptualizing Number Meanings National Council of Teachers of Mathematics (NCTM), March, 1989, Fourth Grade Classroom
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Connecting: Forms/Operations/Systems
The learner will be able to make connections between number forms, operations, and systems, and understand their real-world applications.
Strand Source Activities
Connecting National Council of Teachers of Mathematics (NCTM), March, 1989, Fourth Grade Classroom
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Connecting: Whole Numbers/Fractions
The learner will be able to explain whole numbers and fractions in terms of how they relate to each other, what they express, and the contextual bases for each, articulate these in writing and incorporate the properties of each of these number forms focusing on the representational value of these numbers, not on how the numbers can be computed in isolated form.
Strand Source Activities
Connecting National Council of Teachers of Mathematics (NCTM), March, 1989, Fourth Grade Classroom
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Justifying Forms
The learner will be able to articulate what decimals and fractions are, how they relate to whole numbers, and when and how they are used to solve problems, and read and/or listen to a given real-world scenario and make judgments about the best format for describing the scenario (using decimals, fractions, whole numbers).
Strand Source Activities
Justifying Forms National Council of Teachers of Mathematics (NCTM), March, 1989, Fourth Grade Classroom
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Math Structures: Forms/Operations/System
The learner will be able to demonstrate an intuitive sense of number forms, operations, and systems, and their real-world applications.
Strand Source Activities
Math Structures National Council of Teachers of Mathematics (NCTM), March, 1989, Fourth Grade Classroom
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Math Structures: Number Sense
The learner will be able to develop an intuitive sense of number relationships, systems, and forms and their multiple applications in real-world scenarios.
Strand Source Activities
Math Structures National Council of Teachers of Mathematics (NCTM), March, 1989, Fourth Grade Classroom
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Number Forms: Nature of Different Forms
The learner will be able to investigate numbers by engaging in activities which address the nature of different number forms, how different operations (addition, subtraction, multiplication, division) manipulate numbers, and which require the student to formulate analysis level questions.
Strand Source Activities
Number Forms National Council of Teachers of Mathematics (NCTM), March, 1989, Fourth Grade Classroom
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Number Sense: Applying
The learner will be able to apply knowledge of number values and counting to "non-mathematical" activities (such as making a calendar), and understand mathematical principles in terms of their real-world applications (and not as an isolated school subject).
Strand Source Activities
Number Sense National Council of Teachers of Mathematics (NCTM), March, 1989, Fourth Grade Classroom
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Number Sense: Classification
The learner will be able to understand and use numbers found in newspapers, magazines, menus, and cereal boxes, and classify numbers found in his/her world based on a specific set of criteria.
Strand Source Activities
Number Sense National Council of Teachers of Mathematics (NCTM), March, 1989, Fourth Grade Classroom
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Number Sense: Decimals
The learner will be able to demonstrate an intuitive sense of decimal number properties by converting decimals to fractions and percents, use models to express both the conversions and the proportions the decimals, fractions, and percents describe, and create number lines, graphs, models, and partially shaded figures which represent numbers in each of these forms.
Strand Source Activities
Number Sense National Council of Teachers of Mathematics (NCTM), March, 1989, Fourth Grade Classroom
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Odd/Even: Exploring
The learner will be able to study the patterns of odd and even numbers (avoiding memorization techniques).
Strand Source Activities
Odd/Even National Council of Teachers of Mathematics (NCTM), March, 1989, Fourth Grade Classroom
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Counting: Order/Group
The learner will be able to count, order, and group concrete objects.
Strand Source Activities
Counting PA: Academic Standards, January 16, 1999, Grade 3, p.2,2.1.3.G Classroom
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Numeration: Apply Place Value
The learner will be able to apply the idea of place-value and numeration to counting, ordering, and grouping.
Strand Source Activities
Numeration PA: Academic Standards, January 16, 1999, Grade 3, p.3,2.1.3.I Classroom
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Pattern: Identify/Describe/Continue
The learner will be able to identify, describe, continue, and create and reproduce many different patterns including attribute, activity, number and geometric patterns.
Strand Source Activities
Patterns: Identify/Describe/Continue PA: Academic Standards, January 16, 1999, Grade 3, p.13,2.8.3.A Classroom
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Pattern: Apply
The learner will be able to use number patterns including even and odd.
Strand Source Activities
Patterns: Number PA: Academic Standards, January 16, 1999, Grade 3, p.2,2.1.3.F Classroom
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Quantity: Represent/Whole/Fraction
The learner will be able to represent quantities using whole numbers and fractions.
Strand Source Activities
Quantity PA: Academic Standards, January 16, 1999, Grade 3, p.2,2.1.3.B (back mapped) Classroom
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Comparison: Numbers/Hundred Board
The learner will be able to use the hundred board to compare values of numbers.
Strand Source Activities
Comparison PA: Academic Standards, January 16, 1999, Grade 3, p.2,2.1.3.F Classroom
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Skip Counting: 2,3,5,10,25,100
The learner will be able to count up to 10,000 by 2's, 3's, 5's, 10's, 25's and 100's using whole numbers.
Strand Source Activities
Skip Counting PA: Academic Standards, January 16, 1999, Grade 3, p.2,2.1.3.A (back mapped) Classroom
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Pattern: Extend
The learner will be able to extend number or object patterns that can be infinitely continued.
Strand Source Activities
Patterns PA: Academic Standards, January 16, 1999, Grade 3, p.19,2.11.3.D (back mapped) Classroom
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Estimation: Strategies
The learner will be able to apply estimation strategies to arrive at conclusions.
Strand Source Activities
Estimation PA: Academic Standards, January 16, 1999, Grade 3, p.4,2.2.3.E (back mapped) Classroom
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Estimation: Appropriateness
The learner will be able to use estimation where appropriate.
Strand Source Activities
Estimation PA: Academic Standards, January 16, 1999, Grade 3, p.3,2.1.3.J (back mapped) Classroom
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Counting: Number Sense
The learner will be able to practice counting, skip counting, counting on, and back counting, to gain a strong sense of numbers and ordinality.
Strand Source Activities
Counting National Council of Teachers of Mathematics (NCTM), March, 1989, Fourth Grade Classroom
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Estimating: Across the Curriculum
The learner will be able to explore activities such as estimating the number of letters in the names of class members, organizing the estimated letters in groups of ones and tens, and comparing original estimates with the results.
Strand Source Activities
Estimation National Council of Teachers of Mathematics (NCTM), March, 1989, Fourth Grade Classroom
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Estimating: Application
The learner will be able to explore estimation strategies, determine situations in which estimation (as opposed to exact computation) is appropriate, evaluate the reasonableness of given estimations, and apply estimation strategies across the mathematics curriculum.
Strand Source Activities
Estimation National Council of Teachers of Mathematics (NCTM), March, 1989, Fourth Grade Classroom
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Number Values: Applying
The learner will be able to demonstrate an intuitive sense of numbers and their values by articulating the relationship between numbers (as elements of a given scenario) and the scenario itself.
Strand Source Activities
Number Values National Council of Teachers of Mathematics (NCTM), March, 1989, Fourth Grade Classroom
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Number Values: Applying
The learner will be able to describe how pictures, manipulatives, and diagrams relate to mathematical sentences, and use manipulatives and other aids to express the relative size of numbers.
Strand Source Activities
Number Values National Council of Teachers of Mathematics (NCTM), March, 1989, Fourth Grade Classroom
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Number Values: Manipulatives
The learner will be able to demonstrate a conceptualization of number values and how these values relate to each other by using manipulatives (articulating how adding or taking away specific manipulatives changes the quantity of the remaining manipulatives), and see numbers in terms of what they represent (in quantity, values, etc.) in context.
Strand Source Activities
Number Values National Council of Teachers of Mathematics (NCTM), March, 1989, Fourth Grade Classroom
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Number Values: Number Sense
The learner will be able to develop a sense of number values by drawing one to one correspondences, by sorting, classifying, and comparing numbers in science, games, and daily life, and by using language to describe number values (more, less, most, least, some, none, etc.).
Strand Source Activities
Number Values National Council of Teachers of Mathematics (NCTM), March, 1989, Fourth Grade Classroom
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Numeration Systems
The learner will be able to apply an understanding of the numeration system by making connections among counting, grouping, and place value concepts.
Strand Source Activities
Numeration National Council of Teachers of Mathematics (NCTM), March, 1989, Fourth Grade Classroom
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Ordering/Values: Number Sense
The learner will be able to demonstrate an intuitive sense of numbers, their values, and how they can logically be ordered by articulating the relationship between numbers (as elements of a given scenario) and the scenario itself, and by using manipulatives to describe the scenario.
Strand Source Activities
Comparing/Ordering National Council of Teachers of Mathematics (NCTM), March, 1989, Fourth Grade Classroom
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Pattern: Analyzing
The learner will be able to create graphical forms to record and analyze patterns, including breaking patterns into terms, seeing each term as a part of the overall pattern, and organizing graphical forms to show patterns and terms effectively.
Strand Source Activities
Patterns National Council of Teachers of Mathematics (NCTM), March, 1989, Fourth Grade Classroom
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Pattern: Creating/Extending
The learner will be able to create patterns, and extend patterns from one medium to another, in mathematics, language, science, and art.
Strand Source Activities
Patterns: Identify/Describe/Continue National Council of Teachers of Mathematics (NCTM), March, 1989, Fourth Grade Classroom
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Pattern: Exploring Relationships
The learner will be able to analyze, describe, extend, and create patterns involving mathematical relationships.
Strand Source Activities
Patterns: Exploring National Council of Teachers of Mathematics (NCTM), March, 1989, Fourth Grade Classroom
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Pattern: Predicting
The learner will be able to demonstrate an understanding of the repetitive nature of patterns by making predictions about events and shapes based on patterns.
Strand Source Activities
Patterns National Council of Teachers of Mathematics (NCTM), March, 1989, Fourth Grade Classroom
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Pattern: Predicting
The learner will be able to recognize the repetitive nature of patterns and make predictions about events, shapes, and sets of numbers based on these repetitions.
Strand Source Activities
Patterns National Council of Teachers of Mathematics (NCTM), March, 1989, Fourth Grade Classroom
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Pattern: Problem Solving
The learner will be able to solve problems by recognizing and extending pictorial, concrete, and numerical patterns.
Strand Source Activities
Patterns National Council of Teachers of Mathematics (NCTM), March, 1989, Fourth Grade Classroom
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Pattern: Recognizing
The learner will be able to demonstrate an understanding of the predictability and repetition inherent in patterns, such as colors in pictures, action in songs or rhymes (clapping, stomping, jumping), symbols, nature (the four seasons), daily life (the green, yellow, red of traffic lights), and human behavior.
Strand Source Activities
Patterns: Identify/Describe/Continue National Council of Teachers of Mathematics (NCTM), March, 1989, Fourth Grade Classroom
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Pattern: Recognizing
The learner will be able to identify patterns in action songs such as "Old McDonald Had a Farm," discuss the patterns in the songs, transfer the patterns to a geometry related medium, and substitute a specific number of cubes for each element of a pattern.
Strand Source Activities
Patterns: Identify/Describe/Continue National Council of Teachers of Mathematics (NCTM), March, 1989, Fourth Grade Classroom
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Pattern: Rules
The learner will be able to conjecture about rules applicable to sets of three numbers.
Strand Source Activities
Patterns: Determining Rules National Council of Teachers of Mathematics (NCTM), March, 1989, Fourth Grade Classroom
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Pattern: Searching
The learner will be able to search for possible patterns in an organized and systematic way.
Strand Source Activities
Patterns National Council of Teachers of Mathematics (NCTM), March, 1989, Fourth Grade Classroom
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Probability/Statistics

Data: Develop/Justify Opinions
The learner will be able to develop and justify an opinion on whether a given statement is reasonable according to a comparison of data.
Strand Source Activities
Data PA: Academic Standards, January 16, 1999, Grade 3, p.9,2.6.3.D (back mapped) Classroom
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Chance: Predicting
The learner will be able to make predictions regarding the outcomes of events by applying concepts of chance.
Strand Source Activities
Chance PA: Academic Standards, January 16, 1999, Grade 3, p.11,2.7.3.A (back mapped) Classroom
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Experiments: Understanding Results
The learner will be able to understand that the outcomes of experiments may not be the same as earlier predictions.
Strand Source Activities
Experiments PA: Academic Standards, January 16, 1999, Grade 3, p.11,2.7.3.A (back mapped) Classroom
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Probability: Predict
The learner will be able to predict the probability a situation will occur based on the analysis of data.
Strand Source Activities
Probability PA: Academic Standards, January 16, 1999, Grade 3, p.9,2.6.3.C (back mapped) Classroom
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Experiments: List/Graph
The learner will be able to list or graph the possible outcomes of an experiment.
Strand Source Activities
Experiments PA: Academic Standards, January 16, 1999, Grade 3, p.11,2.7.3.C (back mapped) Classroom
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Probability Concepts: Spinners
The learner will be able to design a spinner so that all possible outcomes of the spinner have the same probability of occurring.
Strand Source Activities
Probability Concepts PA: Academic Standards, January 16, 1999, Grade 3, p.11,2.7.3.B (back mapped) Classroom
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Communicating: Complex Ideas
The learner will be able to communicate complex ideas effectively by providing visual or condensed representation of an idea and explaining the mathematical concepts involved.
Strand Source Activities
Communicating National Council of Teachers of Mathematics (NCTM), March, 1989, Fourth Grade Classroom
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Communicating: Pictograms
The learner will be able to create pictograms which convey information such as the following about the class: how much milk did the class drink in one week, how many hours were spent sleeping by the entire class in one week, etc.
Strand Source Activities
Communicating National Council of Teachers of Mathematics (NCTM), March, 1989, Fourth Grade Classroom
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Data Analysis: Conclusions
The learner will be able to collect data, organize the collected data, and create a display which explains the data and conclusions which can be drawn from the data.
Strand Source Activities
Data Analysis National Council of Teachers of Mathematics (NCTM), March, 1989, Fourth Grade Classroom
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Data Analysis: Projects
The learner will be able to demonstrate the ability to make sense of data by engaging in projects which include the following steps: deciding on topics of interest, developing research objectives, collecting and organizing data, and creating graphical forms to communicate findings to others.
Strand Source Activities
Data Analysis National Council of Teachers of Mathematics (NCTM), March, 1989, Fourth Grade Classroom
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Data Analysis: Solutions
The learner will be able to listen to a given real-world scenario problem involving probability and statistics, describe the problem the scenario presents, formulate a hypothesis, collect the necessary data, create graphs to organize the collected data, and refer to the graphs to make predictions about how the problem can be solved.
Strand Source Activities
Data Analysis National Council of Teachers of Mathematics (NCTM), March, 1989, Fourth Grade Classroom
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Data Management: Categorizing Objects
The learner will be able to categorize objects (e.g., books) by one criteria, such as size, and then use the same books to categorize them using another set of criteria, such as weight.
Strand Source Activities
Data Management National Council of Teachers of Mathematics (NCTM), March, 1989, Fourth Grade Classroom
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Data Management: Taking Inventory
The learner will be able to take an inventory of desks, chairs, books, toys, tables, and/or chairs in the classroom, develop an organizational format for keeping track of the data, and count one or each of these categories (using a calculator if necessary), and report findings in some way.
Strand Source Activities
Data Management National Council of Teachers of Mathematics (NCTM), March, 1989, Fourth Grade Classroom
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Data: Comparing
The learner will be able to describe how two objects (e.g., two books) are the same and are different, and (with the teacher's help) develop the criteria for difference and similarity.
Strand Source Activities
Data National Council of Teachers of Mathematics (NCTM), March, 1989, Fourth Grade Classroom
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Data: Overlapping
The learner will be able to extend organizational skills to deal with overlapping data.
Strand Source Activities
Data National Council of Teachers of Mathematics (NCTM), March, 1989, Fourth Grade Classroom
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Data: Problem Analysis
The learner will be able to listen to a given real-world scenario problem involving probability and statistics, describe the problem the scenario presents, collect or list the necessary data, and refer to the data to make predictions about how the problem can be solved.
Strand Source Activities
Data National Council of Teachers of Mathematics (NCTM), March, 1989, Fourth Grade Classroom
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Data: Unclear
The learner will be able to deal with real-world problems which don't have clear cut answers, including adding outlying data to graphs or diagrams which represent conclusions.
Strand Source Activities
Data National Council of Teachers of Mathematics (NCTM), March, 1989, Fourth Grade Classroom
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Experiments: Designing
The learner will be able to create and carry out appropriate experiments to find the probability of a given event (when the event is given, but the details of how to develop and carry out an experiment which proves probability are not).
Strand Source Activities
Experiments National Council of Teachers of Mathematics (NCTM), March, 1989, Fourth Grade Classroom
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Experiments: Designing
The learner will be able to conduct an independent experiment which requires posing questions, collecting data, organizing the data, and reporting on findings.
Strand Source Activities
Experiments National Council of Teachers of Mathematics (NCTM), March, 1989, Fourth Grade Classroom
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Making Sense of Data
The learner will be able to apply an understanding of data as a set of information, and how to collect, organize, and describe data by formulating and solving problems.
Strand Source Activities
Data National Council of Teachers of Mathematics (NCTM), March, 1989, Fourth Grade Classroom
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Problem Solving: Application
The learner will be able to listen to a given real-world scenario problem involving probability and statistics, describe the problem the scenario presents, formulate a hypothesis, collect the necessary data, create graphs to organize the collected data, refer to the graphs to make predictions about how the problem can be solved, and present solutions both in written paragraph form and in a graphical form.
Strand Source Activities
Problem Solving National Council of Teachers of Mathematics (NCTM), March, 1989, Fourth Grade Classroom
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Problem Solving

Solution: Communicate Process
The learner will be able to communicate the mathematical processes used to solve a problem.
Strand Source Activities
Solution PA: Academic Standards, January 16, 1999, Grade 3, p.8,2.5.3.B Classroom
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Word Problem: Create
The learner will be able to formulate a story to match a given combination of symbols and numbers.
Strand Source Activities
Word Problems PA: Academic Standards, January 16, 1999, Grade 3, p.13,2.8.3.D (back mapped) Classroom
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Analyzing Problems: Necessary Data
The learner will be able to discern whether a problem can be solved with the information given.
Strand Source Activities
Analyzing Problems PA: Academic Standards, January 16, 1999, Grade 3, p.8,2.5.3.B (back mapped) Classroom
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Evaluating Solutions: Reasoning
The learner will be able to develop the ability to use models, technology (computers, calculators), and knowledge of number forms, operations, and systems to justify solutions and/or methods for finding a solution, and view mathematical properties as ways of explaining real-world phenomena logically.
Strand Source Activities
Evaluating Solutions National Council of Teachers of Mathematics (NCTM), March, 1989, Fourth Grade Classroom
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Problem Solving: Mathematical Principles
The learner will be able to use principles of mathematics to solve problems, to investigate, verify, and justify solutions to problems, to formulate problems for mathematical situations, and to develop the confidence required to apply principles of mathematics in real-world contexts.
Strand Source Activities
Problem Solving National Council of Teachers of Mathematics (NCTM), March, 1989, Fourth Grade Classroom
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Problem Solving: Using Tools
The learner will be able to use language, diagrams, and technology (computers, calculators) to solve basic problems.
Strand Source Activities
Problem Solving National Council of Teachers of Mathematics (NCTM), March, 1989, Fourth Grade Classroom
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Add/Subtract: 1-2 Digit/Vertical/Regroup
The learner will be able to obtain solutions to one- and two-digit addition and subtraction problems in vertical form with regrouping.
Strand Source Activities
Add/Subtract Whole Numbers PA: Academic Standards, January 16, 1999, Grade 3, p.4,2.2.3.B (back mapped) Classroom
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Division: Sharing
The learner will be able to illustrate the idea of division as sharing.
Strand Source Activities
Divide Whole Numbers PA: Academic Standards, January 16, 1999, Grade 3, p.4,2.2.3.D (back mapped) Classroom
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Whole Numbers: Quantities
The learner will be able to determine whole number quantities and measurements from least to most and greatest value.
Strand Source Activities
Whole Numbers PA: Academic Standards, January 16, 1999, Grade 3, p.19,2.11.3.A Classroom
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Operations: Addition/Subtraction Facts
The learner will be able to use manipulatives to explore addition and subtraction.
Strand Source Activities
Operations National Council of Teachers of Mathematics (NCTM), March, 1989, Fourth Grade Classroom
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Operations: Analyzing
The learner will be able to understand whole number operations (addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division) as methods for solving real-world problems, and use manipulatives to solve problems.
Strand Source Activities
Operations National Council of Teachers of Mathematics (NCTM), March, 1989, Fourth Grade Classroom
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Operations: Solution Methods
The learner will be able to understand whole number operations as methods for solving real-world problems, and use manipulatives and calculators to solve problems.
Strand Source Activities
Operations National Council of Teachers of Mathematics (NCTM), March, 1989, Fourth Grade Classroom
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Problem Solving: Real-World Scenarios
The learner will be able to solve problems presented in real-world scenarios, including identifying the problem, breaking down the elements of the problem, determining the operation (addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division), setting up the correct number sentence or set of manipulatives, and solving the problem.
Strand Source Activities
Problem Solving National Council of Teachers of Mathematics (NCTM), March, 1989, Fourth Grade Classroom
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Problem Solving: Real-World Scenarios
The learner will be able to solve real-world whole number problems by determining the operation required (addition, subtraction, multiplication, division), setting up the correct number sentence, solving the problem, and using inverse operations to check the solution.
Strand Source Activities
Problem Solving National Council of Teachers of Mathematics (NCTM), March, 1989, Fourth Grade Classroom
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Problem Solving: Representation
The learner will be able to focus on the values, proportions, and/or quantities which the whole numbers in real-world mathematical problems represent, without viewing numbers and operations in problems as isolated figures and steps.
Strand Source Activities
Problem Solving National Council of Teachers of Mathematics (NCTM), March, 1989, Fourth Grade Classroom
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